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equipment | Rational Pesticide Use | Downloads
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Original and improved (below, left picture) pegboards: developed as a cotton scouting aid in Zimbabwe. The system works best when scouts are trained to recognise bollworm eggs (right) |
Besides simple observation, a number of well known techniques are available for monitoring pest attacks. The Biopesticide Manual currently lists 45 pheromones and other attractants, some of which are used as pesticides in their own right, to disrupt mating of leipdopteran and coleopteran pests, or to attract insects towards treated areas or baits. Probably the most frequent use of pheromones is as a monitoring tool to time insecticidal applications. Simple aids such as incandescent light traps, combined with as thorough knowledge of pest biology also can be most effective.
CPB
pheromone in a 'delta' trap. This is an especially promising line of research for improved management of the cocoa pod borer in Indonesia. |
The development of monitoring techniques for spores of fungal diseases is crucial for many plants, ranging from N. European field crops to cocoa. Developments in imuno-assay techniques provide exiting methods for improved plant disease monitoring – but the spores must be sampled first.
Here we provide some useful links (not on this server) …
Plant Pathogens
Suction samplers etc. http://www.burkard.co.uk/instmts.htmRotorods etc. http://www.multidata.com/Rotorodresearch.html
Insects
Overview on Insect Monitoring Systems
Publication data-base: http://www.pherobase.com/database/reference/references-H.php
http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/science/ifpmonit.htm
Yellow sticky boards
Information on using pheromones
Pheromone traps – available product ranges(Sprayable pheromones for mating disruption etc: http://www.certisusa.com/products/index.html )
[1] Mumford, J.D. and Knight, J.D. (1997) Injury, damage and threshold concepts. In: Methods in Ecological and Agricultural Entomology, Eds: D.R. Dent & M.P. Walton, CAB International, Wallingford. Ch.8, 203-220.
[2] van den Bosch (1980) The Pesticide Conspiracy. Prism Press, Dorchester, UK, 226 pp (originally published in 1978 by Doubleday & Co., USA)
[3] Tunstall, J., and Matthews, G.A. (1966). Large scale spraying trials for the control of cotton insect pests in Central Africa. Empire Cotton Growing Review, 43 121-139.
[4] Beeden, P. (1972) The pegboard - an aid to cotton pest scouting. PANS 18, 43-45.